Abizer Sakarwala, MD, MS, Author at Clinical FAQ

Patient Guide: Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a condition caused by the build-up of fatty deposits called plaques within the coronary arteries, leading to a reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle. Treatment for CAD focuses on relieving symptoms, slowing disease progression, and reducing the risk of complications through lifestyle changes, medications, and sometimes medical procedures or surgery. It is essential to work closely with your healthcare provider to develop a comprehensive treatment plan tailored to your needs and maintain regular follow-up appointments for optimal management of the condition.

Patient Guide: Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland produces excessive thyroid hormones, leading to various symptoms such as rapid heart rate, weight loss, and anxiety. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging studies. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and may include antithyroid medications, radioactive iodine therapy, beta-blockers, or thyroid surgery, with outcomes generally positive for most patients.

Patient Guide: Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a medical condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient thyroid hormones, leading to a wide range of symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests, and treatment primarily consists of hormone replacement therapy using synthetic thyroid hormone medication, such as levothyroxine. With proper treatment and ongoing management, most patients with hypothyroidism can lead healthy, normal lives and experience significant improvements in their symptoms and overall well-being.

Patient Guide: Asthma

Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, and chest tightness. Treatment for asthma involves a combination of medications, self-management strategies, and trigger avoidance to control symptoms and maintain normal lung function. It’s essential for individuals diagnosed with asthma to work closely with their healthcare providers to develop a personalized asthma action plan and ask questions to ensure effective management of their condition.

Patient Guide: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

COPD is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airflow obstruction, primarily caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational hazards. While there is no cure, treatment and lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms, improve quality of life, and slow disease progression. Early diagnosis, a comprehensive treatment plan, and regular follow-ups with a healthcare provider are essential for optimal outcomes in managing COPD.

Patient Guide: Hyperlipidemia (High Cholesterol)

Hyperlipidemia, characterized by elevated levels of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in the bloodstream, is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications, such as a heart-healthy diet, regular exercise, and weight management, along with medications if necessary. Regular check-ups and blood tests are crucial for early detection and effective management of hyperlipidemia to reduce the risk of complications.

Patient Guide: Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that often presents with no noticeable symptoms, making regular monitoring essential for early detection and management. Treatment typically involves lifestyle modifications, such as adopting a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and managing stress, and may include medication to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications. Effective communication with your healthcare provider is crucial for understanding and managing hypertension, as well as addressing any concerns or questions about your condition and treatment plan.

Patient Guide: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin production, leading to high blood sugar levels. Effective management of the condition involves lifestyle changes, blood sugar monitoring, medication, and regular checkups with a healthcare team. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent or delay complications and improve overall quality of life.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors, PD-1, and PD-L1 Explained

Both PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitors work by disrupting the interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1, effectively “releasing the brakes” on the immune system and allowing T cells to recognize and attack cancer cells more effectively. While they target different proteins, their overall goal is the same: to enhance the immune system’s ability to fight cancer.

Patient Guide: Cholecystitis

Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gallbladder, typically caused by gallstones blocking the cystic duct. Diagnosis often involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and imaging studies, while treatment options include conservative management for mild cases and surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) for more severe or recurrent cases.

Author: Abizer Sakarwala, MD, MS